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Pharmacy Tirzepatide

A plain-numbers reading desk for the tirzepatide trial record — what SURPASS-2 and SURMOUNT-5 measured head-to-head against semaglutide.

Tirzepatide References: Papers Behind the Findings

Which papers support the Tirzepatide numbers

Taken weekly, the drug tirzepatide comes as a prescription shot. This page lists the papers behind its study findings. A number beside a claim leads you to that paper.

  1. Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018;18:3-14. ↗
  2. Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. ↗
  3. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  4. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. ↗
  5. Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  6. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1214334. ↗
  7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. ↗
  8. Anson M, et al. Incidence of new onset type 2 diabetes in adults living with obesity treated with tirzepatide or semaglutide: real world evidence from an international retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;75:102777. ↗
  9. Karimi MA, et al. Comparative effectiveness of semaglutide versus liraglutide, dulaglutide or tirzepatide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1438318. ↗
  10. Samms RJ, et al. A Contemporary Rationale for Agonism of the GIP Receptor in the Treatment of Obesity. Diabetes. 2025. ↗
  11. Guan H, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in participants with type 2 diabetes with inadequate glycaemic control on metformin and/or sulfonylurea: Post-hoc analysis of SURPASS-4. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  12. Neves JS, et al. Efficacy of tirzepatide versus semaglutide in achieving therapeutic targets in type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the SURPASS-2 Trial. Diabetologia. 2026. ↗
  13. Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(12):2440-2444. ↗
  14. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. ↗
  15. Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  16. Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  17. Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in randomized controlled trials: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. ↗
  18. Mishra R, et al. Tirzepatide-Induced Gastrointestinal Manifestations: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e46091. ↗
  19. Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: a disproportionality analysis of the FAERS database. PLoS One. 2026. ↗
  20. Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs. 2026. ↗
  21. Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  22. Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Muscle Mass in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  23. Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024;47(7):1213-1221. ↗
  24. Zhang Z, et al. Tirzepatide safety in type 2 diabetes: a disproportionality analysis using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Endocr Connect. 2025. ↗
  25. Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide or tirzepatide. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024;18(10):103116. ↗
  26. Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. ↗
  27. Galli M, et al. Cardiovascular Effects and Tolerability of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. ↗
  28. Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without: A Pooled Analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2025. ↗
  29. Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. ↗
  30. Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: associations with weight regain and cardiometabolic risk. Obes Rev. 2025. ↗
  31. Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. ↗
  32. Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide or Placebo. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  33. et al. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists: A Case Series. Cureus. 2025. ↗
  34. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves new medication for chronic weight management. FDA News & Events. 2023. ↗
  35. Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  36. Ciudin A, et al. Indirect comparative efficacy and safety of tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg versus semaglutide 2.4 mg for the management of obesity and overweight in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  37. Shukla AP, et al. Improved health-related quality of life with tirzepatide versus semaglutide in adults with obesity or overweight from the SURMOUNT-5 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. ↗
  38. Rutter MK, et al. SURMOUNT-REAL UK: A Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Effectiveness of Tirzepatide in Adults With Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2026. ↗